Technical resources

What causes biological fouling in cooling systems, how it damages heat transfer and metal, and how oxidising and non-oxidising biocides differ in general terms.

How to choose boiler water chemicals by function: oxygen scavengers, pH control, internal scale and corrosion inhibitors and neutralizing amines, driven by water analysis.

How to protect closed chilled-water loops: nitrite-based inhibition, residual monitoring, biological control, and the filling and flushing steps that set the loop up well.

An educational guide to coagulants and flocculants in wastewater and sewage treatment plants: how each works, how they are used together and what to check before trials.

Scale and corrosion pull cooling water treatment in opposite directions. Learn how to recognise each, why one fix can worsen the other, and what to monitor.

A practical decision path for choosing an RO antiscalant for brackish water: what the feed analysis must show, how recovery matters, and what to confirm before fitting a metering pump.

A general-chemistry comparison of DEHA and sodium bisulfite or sulfite oxygen scavengers: volatility, condensate protection, solids contribution and how to decide.

The main causes of RO membrane fouling, how each shows up in plant data, and the checks that separate scale, particles, organics and biological growth.

How to tell from normalised performance trends, not from the calendar, that an RO membrane needs a chemical clean, and what to check first.

Conductivity is the working measure of how concentrated cooling water has become. See what it tells you, how it drives blowdown, and where it can mislead.